The Journal of Emergency Medicine
Volume 29, Issue 2 , Pages 189-197 , August 2005

Recognition and characteristics of concussions in the emergency department population

  • J. Scott Delaney, MDCM

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University Health Centre
    • McGill Sport Medicine Clinic, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint Address: J. Scott Delaney, mdcm, Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
  • ,
  • Faras Abuzeyad, MD

      Affiliations

    • Accident and Emergency Department, Bahrain Defense Force Hospital, Manama, Bahrain
  • ,
  • José A. Correa, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
  • ,
  • Robert Foxford, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University Health Centre

Received 29 April 2004 ,Revised 1 December 2004 ,Accepted 27 January 2005.

References 

  1. Barnes BC , Cooper L , Kirkendall DT , et al.   Concussion history in elite male and female soccer players . Am J Sports Med . 1998;26:433–438
  2. Benson BW , Mohtadi NG , Rose MS , et al.   Head and neck injuries among ice hockey players wearing full face shields vs half face shields . JAMA . 1999;282:2328–2332
  3. Benson BW , Rose MS , Meeuwisse WH . The impact of face shield use on concussions in ice hockey (a multivariate analysis) . Br J Sports Med . 2002;36:27–32
  4. Biasca N , Simmen HP , Bartolozzi AR , et al.   Review of typical ice hockey injuries. Survey of the North American NHL and Hockey Canada versus European leagues . Unfallchirurg . 1995;98:283–288
  5. Boden BP , Kirkendall DT , Garrett WE . Concussion incidence in elite college soccer players . Am J Sports Med . 1998;26:238–241
  6. Buckley WE . Concussions in college football. A multivariate analysis . Am J Sports Med . 1988;16:51–56
  7. Delaney JS , Lacroix VJ , Leclerc S , et al.   Concussions during the 1997 Canadian Football League season . Clin J Sport Med . 2000;10:9–14
  8. Delaney JS , Lacroix VJ , Gagne C , et al.   Concussions among university football and soccer players (a pilot study) . Clin J Sport Med . 2001;11:234–240
  9. Gerberich SG , Priest JD , Boen JR , et al.   Concussion incidences and severity in secondary school varsity football players . Am J Public Health . 1983;73:1370–1375
  10. Gerberich SG , Finke R , Madden M , et al.   An epidemiological study of high school ice hockey injuries . Childs Nerv Syst . 1987;3:59–64
  11. Gillogly SD , Whaley W . Medical aspects of professional hockey in Atlanta . J Med Assoc Ga . 2000;89:39–44
  12. Guskiewicz KM , Weaver NL , Padua DA , et al.   Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players . Am J Sports Med . 2000;28:643–650
  13. Molsa J , Airaksinen O , Nasman O , et al.   Ice hockey injuries in Finland. A prospective epidemiologic study . Am J Sports Med . 1997;25:495–499
  14. Powell JW , Barber-Foss KD . Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes . JAMA . 1999;282:958–963
  15. Sortland O , Tysvaer AT . Brain damage in former association football players. An evaluation by cerebral computed tomography . Neuroradiology . 1989;31:44–48
  16. Tegner Y , Lorentzon R . Concussion among Swedish elite ice hockey players . Br J Sports Med . 1996;30:251–255
  17. Tysvaer A , Storli O . Association football injuries to the brain. A preliminary report . Br J Sports Med . 1981;15:163–166
  18. Tysvaer AT , Lochen EA . Soccer injuries to the brain. A neuropsychologic study of former soccer players . Am J Sports Med . 1991;19:56–60
  19. Delaney JS . Head injuries presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States from 1990 to 1999 for ice hockey, soccer and football . Vienna: International Symposium on Concussion in Sport; 2001;
  20. Waxweiler RJ , Thurman D , Sniezek J , et al.   Monitoring the impact of traumatic brain injury (a review and update) . J Neurotrauma . 1995;12:509–516
  21. Mack LR , Chan SB , Silva JC , et al.   The use of head computed tomography in elderly patients sustaining minor head trauma . J Emerg Med . 2003;24:157–162
  22. White RJ , Likavec MJ . The diagnosis and initial management of head injury . N Engl J Med . 1992;327:1507–1511
  23. Cline DM , Whitley TW . Observation of head trauma patients at home (a prospective study of compliance in the rural south) . Ann Emerg Med . 1988;17:127–131
  24. Walshaw LK . Assessment of head injuries in a minor injuries unit . Accid Emerg Nurs . 2000;8:210–213
  25. Zemper ED . Two-year prospective study of relative risk of a second cerebral concussion . Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 2003;82:653–659
  26. Torg JS . Epidemiology, pathomechanics, and prevention of athletic injuries to the cervical spine . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1985;17:295–303
  27. Aubry M , Cantu R , Dvorak J , et al.   Summary and agreement statement of the 1st International Symposium on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001 . Clin J Sport Med . 2002;12:6–11
  28. Leclerc S , Lassonde M , Delaney JS , et al.   Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes . Sports Med . 2001;31:629–636
  29. Cantu RC . Guidelines for return to contact sports after a cerebral concussion . Phys Sportsmed . 1986;14:75–83
  30. Cantu RC . Return to play guidelines after a head injury . Clin Sports Med . 1998;17:45–60
  31. Ommaya AK , Gennarelli TA . Cerebral concussion and traumatic unconsciousness. Correlation of experimental and clinical observations of blunt head injuries . Brain . 1974;97:633–654
  32. Roberts W . Who plays? Who sits? Managing concussion on the sidelines . Phys Sportsmed . 1992;20:66–72
  33. Wilberger JE , Maroon JC . Head injuries in athletes . Clin Sports Med . 1989;8:1–9
  34. Boswell JE , McErlean M , Verdile VP . Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in an ED population . Am J Emerg Med . 2002;20:177–180
  35. McCrory P . Does second impact syndrome exist? . Clin J Sport Med . 2001;11:144–149
  36. Cantu RC . Second-impact syndrome . Clin Sports Med . 1998;17:37–44
  37. Bazarian J , Hartman M , Delahunta E . Minor head injury (predicting follow-up after discharge from the Emergency Department) . Brain Inj . 2000;14:285–294
  38. Genuardi FJ , King WD . Inappropriate discharge instructions for youth athletes hospitalized for concussion . Pediatrics . 1995;95:216–218
  39. Delaney JS , Lacroix VJ , Leclerc S , et al.   Concussions among university football and soccer players . Clin J Sport Med . 2002;12:331–338
  40. Lindsay KW , McLatchie G , Jennett B . Serious head injury in sport . Br Med J . 1980;281:789–791
  41. Cantu RC . Athletic head injuries . Clin Sports Med . 1997;16:531–542
  42. Covassin T , Swanik CB , Sachs ML . Epidemiological considerations of concussions among intercollegiate athletes . Appl Neuropsychol . 2003;10:12–22
  43. Maddocks DL , Dicker GD , Saling MM . The assessment of orientation following concussion in athletes . Clin J Sport Med . 1995;5:32–35
  44. Kass RE , Raftery AE . Bayes factors . J Amer Statistical Assoc . 1995;90:773–795
  45. Grindel SH , Lovell MR , Collins MW . The assessment of sport-related concussion (the evidence behind neuropsychological testing and management) . Clin J Sport Med . 2001;11:134–143
  46. Matser EJ , Kessels AG , Lezak MD , et al.   Neuropsychological impairment in amateur soccer players . JAMA . 1999;282:971–973
  47. Tysvaer AT , Storli OV . Soccer injuries to the brain. A neurologic and electroencephalographic study of active football players . Am J Sports Med . 1989;17:573–578
  48. Warren WL , Bailes JE . On the field evaluation of athletic neck injury . Clin Sports Med . 1998;17:99–110
  49. Kelly JP , Rosenberg JH . Diagnosis and management of concussion in sports . Neurology . 1997;48:575–580
  50. Collins MW , Lovell MR , Iverson GL , et al.   Cumulative effects of concussion in high school athletes . Neurosurgery . 2002;51:1175–1179 discussion 1180–1
  51. Cantu RC . When to return to contact sports after cerebral concussion . Sports Med Dig . 1988;10:1–2
  52. Schmidt-Olsen S , Jorgensen U , Kaalund S , et al.   Injuries among young soccer players . Am J Sports Med . 1991;19:273–275
  53. Yarnell PR , Lynch S . The ‘ding’ (amnestic states in football trauma) . Neurology . 1973;23:196–197
  54. Guidelines for assessment and management of sport-related concussion. Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine Concussion Committee . Clin J Sport Med . 2000;10:209–211
  55. Sallis RE , Jones K . Prevalence of headaches in football players . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2000;32:1820–1824
  56. Pellman EJ , Viano DC , Tucker AM , et al.   Concussion in professional football (reconstruction of game impacts and injuries) . Neurosurgery . 2003;53:799–812 discussion 812–4
  57. McIntosh AS , McCrory P , Comerford J . The dynamics of concussive head impacts in rugby and Australian rules football . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2000;32:1980–1984
  58. McCrory P , Johnston KM , Mohtadi NG , et al.   Evidence-based review of sport-related concussion (basic science) . Clin J Sport Med . 2001;11:160–165
  59. Schneider RC . Head and neck injuries in football . Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilken; 1973;

 Selected Topics: Sports Medicine is coordinated by Prentice Steffen, md, of St. Mary’s Medical Center, San Francisco, California

PII: S0736-4679(05)00122-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.01.020

The Journal of Emergency Medicine
Volume 29, Issue 2 , Pages 189-197 , August 2005